Stem Formation I. Affixation
1. English
2. Maricopa
1. English
3. Hanunoo (Philippines)
1. Bontoc (Philippines)
II. Reduplication
2. Tagalog
B. Partial 1. Tzeltal (Mayan language, Chiapas, Mexico)
III. Internal Modification (including ablaut) 1. English song/sing tooth/teethe breath/breathe house (n)/house (v) 2. Latin
IV. Zero-derivation or Functional Shift Changing the part of speech of a stem without changing its form V. Compounding Forming a new stem by putting together two or more existing stems VI. Acronym and Initialism Forming stems by taking the initial sounds or letters of the words of a phrase and uniting them into a new combination, pronounced as letters (initialisms) or as word-like sequences (acronyms) NATO < North Atlantic Treaty Organization VII. Blending Combining parts of two stems VIII. Borrowing Absorbing foreign words into the language IX. Clipping Shortening stems by deleting one or more syllables from the periphery of the word X. Coinage Creating words or stems without any preexisting basis for the creation XI. Back Formation Forming new stems on the basis of analogy from apparently complex words XII. Morphological Misanalyis (Folk Etymology) Introducing new morphemes on the basis of a historically incorrect internal analysis of words |